"The Sixth Circuit concluded that police can use excessive force preemptively against a driver if they fear he might endanger others." This would allow potentially any excuse to use preemptive excess force. All that the officer has to say is... "I thought they were a danger to others." "The thoughts of the righteous [are] right: [but] the counsels of the wicked [are] deceit" (Proverbs 12:5).